Hans Pols, School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney
 
Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and Decolonization in the Dutch East Indies
 
 
Through their studies, their medical practice, and their participation in the Association of Indonesian Physicians, Indonesian physicians in the Dutch East Indies developed and articulated a strong professional identity. The promises of modern medicine were important elements of this professional identity and motivated these physicians to develop critical perspectives on colonial society. They participated in social and cultural movements as well as political activities. In this paper, I discuss the political views and nationalist activities of several generations of Indonesian physicians. At various times, Indonesian physicians criticized traditional culture, advocated public health measures and increases in funding for health, criticized income disparities between Indonesian and European physicians, defended traditional culture and embraced it as a model for an alternate modernity for Indonesia. During the process of decolonization, they transformed colonial medicine into a modern approach to maintain health, inspired by examples and connections all over the world.